Edward Livingston (1764–1836)

Edward Livingston served under Andrew Jackson as U.S. Secretary of State and was one of the most distinguished legal minds of his era. Before his federal career, he served as U.S. Representative and Mayor of New York City.

His greatest intellectual achievement was a comprehensive criminal code drafted for Louisiana, considered so advanced that it influenced legal reform across Europe. Jeremy Bentham called it "the most complete work of legislation the world had yet seen."